Is the 'Promise' of international institutions really 'false' Essay

Is the 'Promise' of international institutions really 'false' - Essay Example The international institution has not conformed to its agenda maintaining world peace as it has been witnessed that institutions such as IGOs do not include its entire agenda in societal and international issues1. Some institutions relates to issues of economic while ignoring cultural, and security issues. International institutions have encountered several critiques questioning their involvement in world issue. The arguments view these institutions as a basic reflection of power distribution in the world2. They have based their self-interest on calculations of achieving great powers and not possessing independent effects on behavior of the states. This shows that the institutions might be seen to be relevant in spreading norms that are common to states but they still do not enhance interstate peace being that they still need to have complex institutional structure to reduce chances of conflicts among states. Besides, the IGOs that still do not include security issues in their agenda, but majors on fewer issues cannot pursue management of conflicts in a peaceful manner .Therefore, the institutions should avoid creation of groups based on powers of those states so that they can abandon their individual interest and be in position to reach mutual agreement. By doing this the institutions can now receive favorable arguments that they are surely decreasing conflicts among states. These issues have therefore resulted to invention of various theories that are concerned with peaceful conflict resolution among warring states3. There have been several empirical evidences showing that commercial institutional peace research to have done commendable work in ensuring that the incidences of military interstate conflict reduced. This has been made possible through the following way; firstly, commercial institutions haveensured that they increase the opportunity cost of war for various states. Secondly this institution has

Talent ID report Essay Example for Free

Talent ID report Essay Report The talent identification programme for cricket is a long programme that identifies talented athletes from the ages 6-18+. It is a structured and detailed programme that breaks down in to five stages that athletes will be identified to have potential for elite success in. The stages are fundamentals, learning to Train, Training to Train, Training to compete, and Training to Win. Fundamentals This is the first stage, where talent is identified at the ages of 6-9(boys) and 6-8(girls). This stage is seen as the developmental stage, which aims to identify and provide young performers with the overall athletic skills in addition to a introduction to basic throwing, catching and striking skills. This stage uses drills involving Agility, co-ordination, and balance, speed, throwing, striking and catching. Also the approach towards these sessions is very personal, and about the game. The first stage is performed in a fun environment, performing drills and other sporting activities. This stage is very beneficial because it identifies talented athletes at a young age. This is an advantage as being able to identify at a young age means that, they can be nurtured and moulded into a successful athlete. The youth that are selected for this programme show the ABCs specific movement skills(agility, balance, coordination, speed, striking ,catching and throwing) and are selected by coaches as they are watched performing, by coaches. This is an early stage in talent identification, and only those athletes that show the charisma are selected at this stage for further development. This can be slightly stressful, especially as the athletes are quite young, and are still developing, physically and mentally. Also it can ruin confidence of some youths, however overall this stage is quite selective and only few people are selected at this stage, as the level of performance that is required is evident when selecting the players. Commonly, like most of the stages the players are also recorded, in games or drills, without them being too aroused by it, so that they can perform in full confidence and in a stress free situation. This is a good way of making the assessment as at the age that they athletes are its not advisable to cause them, such a heavy pressure or burden and also if they have the charisma, it will be evident in natural, drills and games. An example of a cricketer that was founded at this stage is the great Sachin Tendulkar, who has gone on to become an icon in cricket and is commonly called the little master. Learning to train This is the second stage that identifies talent at the age 9-12(boys) and 8-11 (girls). Again similarly to the fundamentals stage it looks at the basic sport skills that athletes may have. The aim of identifying talents at this stage and at this age is to get athletes that can develop their movements associated with batting bowling, fielding and wicket keeping. Furthermore developing overall athletic skills they have. Coaches that are assessing young talents at this stage are looking for athletes that again show the charisma, alongside key components such as strength flexibility and speed. They asses the players again through observation of performance and ability. And on selection they are introduces to the skills in more specificity. They will look at the techniques and movements of performing the specific skills, (batting bowling ECT) along side will be introduced to training programmes that emphasise on the shoulders, elbow, spine, core, and ankle stability. Further more psychological skills will also be introduced near the end of stage. This is very similar to the first stage and is still about developing talent and nurturing their techniques and the way they approach the game. This is very influential stage and has positive effects on the athletes as they are more likely to listen and undertake the desired and appropriate approach towards performing the different skills. Never the less this stage can again be to early for some of the athletes that might show the ability however they might not be mature enough to carry and understand the principles of this stage in the talent identification. Training to Train This is the third stage, and is aimed towards 11-16(boys) 11-15(girls). It is a progression to the previous stage and aims to create further development on specifics skills and physical condition for the game. This stage is where it is more common for player to be identified as they are at a suitable age, and their abilities and talent is easier to indentify and work with. It is also a favoured stage by many coaches to identify talent as it is the stage where players have to focus on the physical and mental requirements. This stage of the development programme looks to increase technical work, for example on the front foot, and back foot playing bother attacking and defensive shots; and for bowlers pace and spin techniques are enhanced. Also overall team work and team fielding and working as a team is emphasised on. This stage differs from the other to as the age difference is higher and therefore the training toll is also at increased intensity and this is the stage where the athletes are introduced to fitness tests which are established to benchmark and monitor development. Athletes also have to keep positive attitudes and this is reinforced on and off the pitch. This stage is an important stage and very lucrative for the game as this is where most emerging cricketers are established. This stage of the development programme prepares them for the transaction to performing at a high level, and introduces and conditions them. However on the flip side the only problem with this stage is that the training must be carried out depending on each players PHV, which is the peak height velocity, which is also known as a growth spurt. This can be a set back as each individual has different time when they grow and mature, and if training is done before this it can have detrimental effects. Training to compete This is the third stage, which is aimed for 16-18 (men), 15-17 (women). This stage is a progression from the previous stage. However it is slightly different as it mainly aims to enhance game awareness and competitive development. The key principle in this stage is to create the optimum environment, so that the athletes learn the importance of independence and their responsibility. Also this stage looks to develop and concentrate on athletes technical and tactical skills that they use in game competitive situations, replicating the opportunity to make key decisions and making judgements. This stage also looks at lifestyle advice and support including managing tour, financial advice, career advice and education support. This is an important stage of talent identification for aspiring talent because it is the step that begins to prepare them for performance at high standards. This stage involves many drills and training sessions, which will enhance the players confidence alongside his ability to delivery constantly at the high levels that they have shown. Athletes will benefit from this stage as they will gain help in how to lead their lifestyle which will be changing as they make the transition to elite levels. Nevertheless this stage could be more specific, and personal to the players needs as each player might have different weaknesses. Training to win This is the third stage which is targeted for 18+ (men) 17 + (women). This is the stage where the maintenance of physical capacities and development of elite performer attributes is concentrated on by maintaining the right environment. This stage is also all about individualised training programmes and dependant on specific needs associated within the game. Athletes at this stage will look and concentrate mainly on team dynamics and will learn the importance of planning brakes to avoid burn outs and injuries. This is the final stage of development before players perform at elite levels therefore there are remedial support on fine technical work. This stage is very important and the advice on how to handle the change in lifestyle and the work on team dynamics is very lucrative for the athletes as these are main areas in which the game will differ from amateur to professional levels. Also the remedial session will also be beneficial as it will help boost confidence and just make sure that the players are totally ready for the transition. However on the other hand this may also backfire and by having remedial sessions, create more pressure and ruin the confidence of athletes but it is more dependent on the individuals preference and how the they react to the support. This is how the talent identification programme for cricket is structured. It is structured in such a way, as it covers a wide range of ages. Cricket is among many racket sports that involve perfection in technique, and therefore finding qualities in talent at young ages is very beneficial for the sport as it makes it earlier to teach, train and create a professional player. This approach is used as younger you are the more you will adapt, where as you get older you will not be able to adapt, as you get set in your own comfort zone. This is why having a set up that works through the ages, determining that they are moulding into the game is vital However the length of the programme and different stages can over complicate the process of being prepared to play at elite level. This may affect the athletes as they wont get the best advice and training that they might need. The talent identification programme for cricket is run by the English cricket board, however it is down to the coaches/ ex players who are allocated to counties across the country to recognise the talent and put them onto the development scheme. Players are commonly scouted and given these opportunities by being recognised at a club, or district level. It is common that through club matches, in large competitions, selectors may come down to watch the game. However it is also likely team managers and coaches get in touch with selectors as they also have a responsibility in finding young talent. The process of being selected to perform in talent development programmes means that once you have been recognised, you must have to perform your skills whilst being recorded. This can be done in a game situation, or done by training at indoor or outdoor net sessions. Players are recorded in this manor so that there is evidence of their ability. This is then analysed by the talent identification selectors who then will most likely come and watch the player perform. When selectors come to watch the players perform the normally have a check list of attributes that they are looking for in player. (Attachment sheet) This checklist normally states sets of questions under each skill they will be observing. They will also record them when they watch them so that they can double check their progress, and ensure that the player posses all the qualities. The approach of recording the players is taken as it gives the assessors evidence along side with more accuracy in when they make their verdict. The selectors use the videos to slow motion, and break down a players technique to ensure that they possess a sound technique. This is also beneficial for the player as it can help them see how they perform, in the eyes of others and give them inspiration and motivate them to improve little parts of their game. The manner in which players are selected is a quite a good strategy as it can be clear and easy to asses, alongside being beneficial for the performer. It can be beneficial to the performer as it can help them and their coaches pin point any weakness, and work on them if the selectors reject instead of getting demoralised. Also it having evidence of a recording alongside being watched means that there is benefit of doubt and evidence of you performing the skills properly, as anyone can have a bad game. It can also ease nerves. Never the less it can also have the opposite affect and create extended pressure on the athlete and make them underperform. This is rare as an attribute in cricket is to handle and play in pressuring and high intensity situations. Fitness is also tested once a player is selected. This is done by a series of fitness tests such as the multistage bleep test, 30metre sprints, one rep max , hand grip dynamiter ect These fitness tests are carried out as it gives the selectors information about the players fitness. Selectors will give different players different fitness tests depending on their role in a team; however the general components that everyone must pass are the bleep, 30 metre sprint, and one rep max. This fitness test must be passes as these are the test that measures the essential and most vital fitness components required for the sport. This talent identification programme will have a positive effect on cricket as it will enhance the quality and support that upcoming cricketers are receiving which will make the future of the sport brighter. Developing the young talent will give the sport a good name which will also lead to enhanced participation. This is good for the sport as it means that it will become better known and more money will be put into the sport which means the sports facilities are improved. Another advantage of this programme in the current environment is that it can give employment opportunities to coaches, as this programme spreads around the country. Furthermore the advantages from guiding the upcoming talent will mean that the country will produce a stronger clan of cricketers who can represent the country at world events and can contribute in making the countries team the worlds best team. It will also mean the quality of cricket, and ethics of the game that have been passed down through the years will still be present in the future games. This programme has a strong foundation, and is well structured which indicates that it is more than likely to be a successful in being able to find and develop the countries cricket and help produce new, world class cricketers. This can be ensured are the programmes is critically structured, so that it identifies talents at all age groups and trains the players selected in a large variety of manners so that they are conditioned. However it can also be noted that this programme will be a long process and it can create false hope to the talents that maybe selected as the programme can be seen to be slightly over critical. This means that many of the athletes that are selected may not succeed in performing in the highest levels as they might not be prepared or ready at the time to meet the demands of the different stages, but it does leave them with experience and give them more of a chance than those that havent been selected to make it to the highest podium of performance. On the whole this talent identification programme can be viewed as a potential success in meeting the aims of finding excelling talent in cricket and providing them a developing foundation from which they can grow into good cricketers. This can be proven by the depth of the programme and how it offers something unique and lucrative at each stage of the development. Never the less the programme is slightly long, and the calibre to which it has been created might be slightly too expensive to fund, as it will take a lot of money, and resources.

Truth of Mining Toxins :: essays research papers

The Truth of the Mining Toxins In this novel Animal Dreams by Barbara Kingsolver is based on two sisters figuring out where they belong in life. They grow up in a small Native Latino American city named Grace, Arizona. In this small town there is a river that runs through the town. Codi, the older sister, is a teacher at the local school. She decided to take her students to the river to look at the water under a microscope and discovered that the water is contaminated. She ended up discussing this problem with a small group called the Stich Bitch Club. This group is only women and they discuss things about the town and many problems that occur in their everyday life. While the men of the town couldn’t get involved, the women solved things from the environment to help the town by being powerful feminists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Cody was brought into the group she known she would have to tell this information to the woman about the Black Mountain mining. The mining has been running sulfuric acid in the water through the town of Grace that is causing trees to die, including microscopic animals in the river. This sulfuric acid can also be used to kill rats and pond algae and many other small things in the river, but not the fish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mining toxins are something that is released into the environment by the businesses throughout the United States. In my research I discovered that the mining industry toxins that were most released was in the year 1998. Some things were, â€Å"metal mining:3.5 billion pounds, Gold mining:1.23 billion pounds, Air: 2 million pounds, coal mining: 13.3 million pounds.† (Drillbits, 1) For example, â€Å"Toxin gas released from a Union Carbide chemical plant in Bhopal that killed 2,500 people in India, in 1984.† (Drillbits, 1) All these different toxins are causing damage in the water, but most of all it is killing innocent people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book it shows that Codi did discuss this problem with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and they also discovered the sulfuric acid in the river. According to the Stich and Bitch Club they know they had to stop the company from building a dam and polluting the river. A certain woman from the Stich and Bitch Club suggested that, â€Å"My husband used to be a crane operator when the mine was running; he would know how to fix up the bulldozers from hell to breakfast.

TOC in Project Management :: essays research papers

Using TOC To Improve Project Management. ________________________________________ Most projects, whether big or small, are undertaken either to create a new structure, such as a plant, an airport, an Olympic stadium, a bridge, a new product, etc., or to modify an existing structure, such as a plant expansion, adding a new production line, expanding a highway, etc. In most cases, the late completion of the project, such as finishing the Olympic stadium two weeks after the opening of the Olympics, or having a new airports' opening delayed until after the elections, etc., generally carries with it some significant negative ramifications for the project owner. At the same time, there are many cases where the early completion of the project will provide the project owner with significant positive ramifications, such as the market share gained by preempting the competitions' launching of a new product, or the increase in sales achieved by bringing the plants productive capabilities on-line sooner, etc. Another important characteristic of most projects is that many of the resources performing the individual project tasks are sub-contracted resources, at least in terms of their relationship to the project manager. As sub-contracted resources, they are often committed to completing more than one project specific task during any given window of time. The issue of resource availability is often further complicated by the nature of the disturbances associated with most project specific tasks. As a result, most sub-contractors will only commit to completing a project specific task within a window of time and by a specific date, regardless of the fact, that the actual time required to complete the project specific task is generally much smaller than the allotted time window. Hence, the detail scheduling of the sub-contractors resources is generally something that most project managers have little or no direct control over. Lastly, most projects usually involve the investment/expenditure of one or more limited resources, such as money, peoples time, skills, equipment, etc. As a result, most people try to maximize the return on these investments/expenditures, thus making the overall lead time, from start to finish, the key factor in almost every project. As with most decisions involving the use of limited resources, there is the need to consider trade-offs. Trade-offs that often appear as a conflict between the availability of the limited resource, which is usually money, and the overall project lead time from start to finish. As long as the decisions involve trade-offs which cannot be quantified into a single measurement, that is without a Final Judge, then the determination of "best" will always remain somewhat less than objective.

There are far too many (women) who are discriminated against and far too many employers who are using every single legal argument and loophole to dodge their obligations under equal pay law

Introduction The Equality Act 2010 (EqA)[1] came into force on the 1st October 2010, replacing the earlier Equal Pay Act 1970[2], with the aim of offering greater certainty. Despite this, there is largely a replication of the terms of the 1970 Act and there remain difficulties in enforcing the fundamental rule of equal pay for equal work, which is set out in Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[3] (TFEU). This has several elements which can potentially be argued by employers looking to discriminate against women, two of which areas will be looked at here, in order to confirm or deny the statement made at the outset that employers are using the legal argument to dodge their obligations. For the purposes of arguing this point, two issues will be considered, in more detail: the need for a comparator and the material justification defence. Comparator The sex equality requirement prohibits pay discrimination based on sex and therefore a woman looking to bring a claim of this nature will need to be able to compare her contractual terms with a comparable or sufficiently similar male comparator. This notion of a comparator is used across the whole area of discrimination however it is treated somewhat more stringently in the case of equal pay. In accordance with the EqA, it is necessary for the comparator to be actual. Unlike other areas of discrimination where the comparator can be hypothetical, it is necessary for the woman in this situation to find an actual comparator. It is also necessary for the comparator to be in the same employment, i.e. employed by the same employer or at least an associated employer. The comparator must also be a current or former employee, but cannot be a successor and the comparator is fundamentally the claimant’s choice. Bearing in mind all of these requirements, it is possible to see that there a re several options available to the employer, when it comes to arguing the validity of a comparator. In the case of Macarthys in 1980, it was held that there needed to be an actual comparator with the judge stating: â€Å"Comparisons are confined to parallels which may be drawn on the basis of concrete appraisals of the work actually performed by employees of different sex within the same establishment or service†[4]. It is noted that this is not the case with a direct pay discrimination claim, where a hypothetical comparator may be allowed for the purposes of evidencing sex discrimination and less pay for the same work. A similar difficulty emerges in the area of working in the same establishment. In the case of the City of Edinburgh Council, 2012[5], where the Inner House of the Court overturned the previous decision of the EAT that had previously argued that the terminology â€Å"establishment† could have a broad meaning. Instead, the Inner House restricted this substantially by saying that the comparator had to work at an establishment that was largely in the same geographical area. An employee looking to claim that they are being paid less will also need to find a comparator who is broadly employed on common terms (as stated in Section 1(6) of the 1970 Act and restated in EqA). For example, in the case of Leverton (1989)[6], it was possible for female nursery nurses to argue that they were being paid less than their comparators who were male clerical staff. All staff had a â€Å"purple book† of terms and conditions and this was sufficient to argue that they had common terms. Finally, there is the time frame over which the comparator has worked, with the ability of the claimant to look at a predecessor but not a successor. This was supported by the case of Walton, 2008[7], where it was held that a successor could not be used, as this would require the courts to hypothesise as to whether the comparator would have been treated differently, had they been employed at the same time. This is based on the argument that by looking into the future this would be hypothetical situation and impossible to consider how the employer would act in the future. It can therefore be seen that there are multiple issues involved in locating a comparator, which can potentially make it easier for an employer to escape their obligations and to allow them to look at ways of paying female employees less, either directly or indirectly, or at the very least making the matter difficult for an employee to prove, in the absence of an obvious and exact comparator. Material Justification Another area which presents a real opportunity for the employer to look at escaping liability is the use of the material factor defence contained in both the EqA and the 1970 Act. This defence allows an employer to pay an employee less than a comparator for whom they would otherwise be required to ensure equal pay, due to some non-discriminatory reason. There is non- specific requirement to deal with the notion of material defence, after the issue of equal pay has been discussed and it may be that the tribunal will in fact consider the material justification defence, at the outset, when looking at whether the jobs were of equal value[8]. The material factor defence is dealt with in Section 1(3) of the 1970 Act, where it is stated that the employer would have a defence, if they could show that the difference in salary â€Å"is genuinely due to a material factor which is not the difference of sex†. This is a genuine requirement and allows for employers to have a distinction between pay where it is required for the business need. An employer can show that they have a material factor defence where they can prove the following. Firstly that the explanation is genuine, secondly that the reason for less favourable treatment was down to that explanation, thirdly that the reason was not considered to be the difference of sex and finally that the reason is a significant and relevant difference between the man and woman in the instance[9]. When looking at the genuineness of the situation, the House of Lords stated in Bury Metropolitan Council that tribunals should not become too concerned over the issue of genuineness and should instead simply look at the facts surrounding the situation[10]. In this case, it was also stated that the difference will only be a sham, if it â€Å"has been deliberately fabricated in order to present things otherwise than as they are†. Crucially, it is also necessary for the factor to be material meaning, in accordance with Rainey, 1987, where the difference is significant and relevant, but this could be with reference to external factors, such as the market and not necessarily simply down to the skills and knowledge of the individuals in question[11]. When it comes to material justification, the burden of proof shifts from party to party in such a way that offers a real opportunity for the employer to escape liability. Once the employee has shown that there is a prima facie case for an equal pay claim, the employer then has the burden of showing a material factor defence, before the burden then travelling back to the employee to show that this was not genuine or in error in some way. For example, it may be argued, as was the case in Cooksey and Others (2011)[12], that the use of an on call allowance had the impact of men getting paid more than women, due to men being typically more available to undertake such work; this was sufficient to constitute a material factor defence and the case was allowed, with the employer being culpable. Conclusion It is concluded here that the original statement made that employers have been able to use legal argument and loopholes as a key way of escaping liability under the equal pay legislation is not merely a theoretical argument, but one that is supported and shown time and time again through the tribunals and court system. It is argued here that by just looking at the area of identifying a comparator and the area of a material factor defence, there is a multitude of complexities that can be used by the employer to evade liability. This area needs to be revisited carefully, if there is to be sufficient protection offered to women, in the future. As it stands, all but the most obvious of discriminatory scenarios are likely to evade the full extent of the legislation and this matter requires review, as a matter of urgency. Practicality is such that there are a variety of factors which may lead to a discrepancy of pay yet this needs to be addressed to ensure that any differences are material ly justifiable and are appropriate in all circumstances so as to reduce the overall pay gap as far as possible. Bibliography Bury Metropolitan Borough Council v Hamilton and other cases [2011] IRLR 358 City of Edinburgh Council v Wilkinson and others [2012] IRLR 202, Cooksey and Others v Trafford Borough Council and others UKEAT/0255/11 Equality Act 2010 Equal Pay Act 1970 Forex Neptune (Overseas) Ltd v Miller [1987] ICR 170, Glasgow City Council v Marshall [2000] ICR 196 (HL) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Leverton v Clwyd County Council [1989] IRLR 28 (HL). Macarthys Ltd v Smith [1980] IRLR 210 Prentis D, Unison. 2013. commenting on North and ors v Dumfries and Galloway Council 2013 SC 45 Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board [1987] ICR 129 Walton Centre for Neurology & Neuro Surgery NHS Trust v Bewley [2008] IRLR 588

Admiral Raymond Spruance in World War II

Admiral Raymond Spruance in World War II Raymond Spruance - Early Life Career: The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond A. Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut in May 1910. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania, then under construction in the yard. With the battleships completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi in October 1929 as executive officer. Raymond Spruance - War Approaches: In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. After working to defend neutral American shipping from German U-boats, Spruance received orders to take over Cruiser Division Five in September 1941. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Har bor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. Raymond Spruance - Triumph at Midway: In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruances cruisers served under Vice Admiral William Bull Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, in his stead. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halseys staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. Moving into position near Midway, Spruances force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletchers TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletchers actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. Raymond Spruance - Island Hopping: In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. In the fighting, the Japanese lost three carriers and around 600 aircraft. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navys air arm. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. With the islands fall, Spruance immediately moved forward with Operation Iceberg. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. Close to Japan, Allied planners intended to use Okinawa as a springboard for the eventual invasion of the Home Islands. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleets ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruances ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. With Okinawas fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. Raymond Spruance - Postwar: These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. Selected Sources HistoryNet: Raymond Spruance - Modest Victor of Midway California Military Museum: Raymond Spruance

A Teenagers Challenge Professor Ramos Blog

A Teenagers Challenge As a teenager, learning how to drive a vehicle is one of the most difficult and exciting challenges. Ever since I was younger, I always had a fear about driving a car and the open road. I would always watch my father when he was driving, so that I could learn. But someday I knew that the time would come when I would practice driving and have my own vehicle. When I was seventeen, I made the decision that I wanted to learn how to drive. Likewise, before I could get into the aspects of driving I would have to first get my permit. In order to do so, I had to complete 30 hours in an online drivers ed course named mycaliforniapermit. On this course, it basically taught me about the details of the road. For instance, how to switch lanes, proper speed, and also what specific signs meant. After each chapter, I would take a test and If I did good I would move forward. After two months, I had completed all the requirements of the driver’s ed course. In order to take my permit test, I would have to go to a place that nobody enjoys, the â€Å"DMV.† After forty minutes of waiting in line, I was able to take my permit test. I remember feeling very anxious before the test. Realizing, that if I would get my permit, I could start driving. I took the exam, and got four questions incorrect, at this point I really thought I would fail. Instead, I remained calm and proceeded to answering the last 36 questions correctly. A fter passing the test, I   was excited and now realized that I can begin to practice driving with my father. Moreover, my father drove me with his 2007 blue Ford Explorer to an empty parking lot of Kimberly Elementary. As he had agreed to teach me about the basics of driving a car. First off, we switched seats and he taught me about the basics of the car. For instance, in order to drive I would have to hit the break and then shift the gears. He also told me, â€Å" Only use blinkers when turning, and also to go slowly with the gas pedal until you get used to it.† After the basic fundamentals he told me to drive around the parking lot. It was a very weird feeling at first, because you are moving about two tons of metal with the push of your foot. After driving up and down the parking lot, I began to think that driving is actually not that hard. Suddenly, my father said, â€Å"Now let’s try to park the vehicle.†I remember that I kept parking the vehicle over the line, but after a few tries, my parking was perfect. It made me realize that when you think about something too much, you make mistakes. When you make mistakes, you will only become better at whatever you are trying to accomplish. In addition, after a couple days of practicing in the parking lot my father said it was time to hit the open road. We drove around the city as my dad was like a coach. When I would make a fast turn, he would get mad and tell me â€Å"to make a slower and precise turn.† One day I was driving and I was going 20 mph faster than the posted speed limit. My father got mad, and said â€Å"if you ever speed like this you would automatically fail exam.† Every time he said something I realized that accepting criticism is what makes us smarter. Sometimes we can be self-centered, and that’s where we become cocky. After a few weeks, I was able to drive around the city of Redlands with ease. I made sure I was going the appropriate speed, using my blinkers, keeping space between vehicles, and using my mirrors. Now I would realize that the next thing would be to get my license. Furthermore, after six months of practicing it was now time for me to take my driver’s test. This would mean, I would have to go back to the annoying DMV. It was a cold Friday morning, and my dad was driving me to the DMV. I remember feeling a little nervous that I might fail. My dad told me, â€Å"When you take your test, just remember the practice† After we checked off paperwork with the front desk, I drove the car to the testing lane and waited for the instructor to come. When the instructor came, she said â€Å"turn your car off,†Ã‚   so that she can check the car and also test my knowledge. She asked me to turn my blinkers on, hit the breaks, and also show her arm signals. Finally, she was in the car with me and from that point she told me where to drive. I drove away from the DMV, and everything was going smooth until I had made, one mistake. My instructor told me to make a turn at a turn lane, and I slightly went passed it. My instructor was furious, and s aid, â€Å"DID YOU NOT HEAR ME?† At this point, I realized that I might have just failed the test already. I replied, and said â€Å"I’m sorry I didn’t hear your correctly.† We proceeded to drive, as in my mind I thought that I had failed the test from that point. She then told me to park on the side of the road, and said, â€Å"Ok now back-up in a straight line.† This was probably the most easiest part of the test. After this, we had returned back to the main road and finally back to the DMV.   I was nervous that I might have failed, but she said â€Å"Congratulations† and gave me a paper that said I had passed with 10 errors. I was extremely excited, because I thought I had failed the test after my mistake. Sometimes, when we expect something to be bad, it turns out to be good.   Hence after passing the test, I finally had the feeling of driving a car all by myself. It is one of the best feelings for a teenager the first time hitting the road by yourself. I realized driving was simple now, because of the fact that I had practiced so many times on how to drive with my father. If it wasn’t for my father’s criticism, I would have probably never got my license. As a senior in high-school I was driving back and forth to school, which was one of the greatest feelings. After all, driving can be one of the most difficult challenges for a teenager. Every teen wants the feeling of having their own vehicle. In order to do so, we have to realize that learning how to drive requires patience and dedication. I’m glad that I had passed my driver’s test, and not have to worry about this obstacle anymore. In life, it’s good to make mistakes and accept criticism, because its what makes us better.

Our Society after September 11, 2001 essays

Our Society after September 11, 2001 essays Our Society after September 11, 2001 On September 11, 2004 thousands of United States citizens and servicemen died at the hands of terrorists. In the beginning, the United States and the world grieved for the lost citizens and servicemen. Eventually, thoughts turned to retaliation as a means to strike back against the group that killed so may of their loved ones. After weeks of contemplation, President Bush announced that it was time to go to war to bring the terrorist to justice. Many people did not realize that the troops would still be fighting and defending themselves two years later. Watching Fahrenheit 9/11 gave me such a different view of the President and the war on terrorism. Fahrenheit 9/11 has a major impact on our society as it relates to the pipeline/Enron scandal, the amount of funds the Saudis have invest in the United States banks, the injured troops, and money that was cut from the troops and their family. Terrorist has been attacking various countries for decades, if not centuries. Most people believe that it was just a matter of time before they targeted America on a larger scale. The world has been fighting the war against terrorism for decades; it just doesnt seem to go away. For the last three and a half years or since the 9/11 terrorist attack, President Bush has pounded the thought that Sudam had weapons of mass destruction in the heads of the American people and yet no weapons have been found. President Bush has long announced that the war was over and the American Troops were in Iraqi solely to rebuild and to hand the new government over to the Iraqi people. Now, months after the new government was handed over to the Iraqi people, the troops are still stationed in Iraqi. Yet there has been more blood shed now than during the war. How can that be? Many people believe that the war is over oil and not Osama bin Laden and his weapons of mass destruction. ...

Speech Disfluencies in Individuals with Tourette Syndrome Assignment - 1

Speech Disfluencies in Individuals with Tourette Syndrome - Assignment Example The authors concluded that, despite there being no difference in self-reporting, the children with Tourette's syndrome did have a higher level of developmental stuttering, and that this is in line with previous studies. The introduction section of the article provides a basic overview of Tourette's syndrome, which the authors abbreviate as TS. This section of the paper does a good job of setting the current study within the wider conversation around Tourette's syndrome, arguing that "TS and developmental stuttering seem to share a number of other characteristics," suggesting that they share "etiological factors" in their origin (97). The authors also point out that studies on this topic are not widespread, with most studies focusing on other aspects of Tourette's syndrome, and that those which do focus on speech disfluencies often have flaws such as "variations in the definition of studying" or a lack of evaluation by speech-language pathologists (98). It is this lack of direct study on speech disfluency that the authors hope to address. For their study, the authors recruited children with Tourette's syndrome from a clinic at a Toronto hospital which specializes in treating it (98). Specifically, the study focused on 69 children with Tourette's syndrome, ranging in age from 4 to 18 years, and with varying degrees of Tourette's syndrome and other disorders such as Obsessive-compulsive disorder and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (98). Beyond these children, the authors recruited a control group of 27 children ranging in age from 6 to 17 years from the general clinic at the same hospital (98). In order to achieve sensible results, the authors also split the children into age groups. The study itself had two parts. The first of these was filling out a questionnaire for the child to answer questions on "self-reported presence, nature, and familial incidence of speech and language difficulties" such as stuttering, voice problems, and so on (98).

G H 402 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

G H 402 - Assignment Example Most malarial deaths occur to the pregnant women and young children because of the inability to access proper medical care and poor sanitation services that lead to the breeding of mosquitos. Global malaria prevalence is also due to poor and limited information on malaria and the possible preventive methods. Most of the affected groups have a wrong perception on Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and therefore they don’t control the vector causing malaria (McCracken and Phillips 75) Malaria has become a global concern because it is considered to be both a disease of poverty and a major cause of poverty mostly in the developing countries. This is because the developing countries do not have the sufficient and proper medication for the disease. It has therefore been considered to be a major constraint to economic development in the developing countries as it has both high social and economic costs that cause a wider gap in the GDP of the developed and developing countries (McCracken and Phillips 78). This has therefore led to a big global dilemma for the affected communities. Environmental sanitation is another major global concern due to the rising environmental degradation. For a proper and safe environment, there should be minimal sharing of the sanitation services such as the toilets as recommended by the World Health Organization (McCracken and Phillips 76). This improves the security and safety of the services and enables accessibility and proper maintenance. If sanitation facilities are highly shared, it becomes a challenge to maintain their cleanliness, and this may turn them to be breeding places for disease-transmitting parasites and pathogens. The global concern for environmental sanitation is causing the dilemma because of the rising number of people that have limited access to improved sanitation making them prone to diseases (McCracken and Phillips 84). Due to the rising

Tea Culture between Asian and Western Countries Essay

Tea Culture between Asian and Western Countries - Essay Example British afternoon tea was the most popular during ceremonies. Anna the Duchess of Bedford was the inventor of the afternoon teas. At the time it was only the wealthy individuals who could manage to buy tea. The wealthy individuals could then invite their friends so as to celebrate the festivities. The tea was later stored in the Chinese porcelain and served with other delicate goodies like sandwiches, cakes, scones, tarts, cream, biscuits and bread. Tea from India was stored in silver tea-pots which was later poured into bone-china cups. This was symbolic in terms of the economic wealth of an individual. The Britons also had the high tea which was taken during dinner time and tea breaks which was normally during mornings as part of their strict customs. In all the occasions, the European took tea when celebrating with friends and families.In Chinese, the tea was taken in a special environment. During the large parties and the imperial tea festivities, it usually involved many partici pants.

Lessons Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lessons Plan - Essay Example Introduction to Computers is a beginning college course for intermediate level English students. The course takes place in the classroom and the computer laboratory with the instructor acting as a meeting facilitator, content presenter, and tutor. Although the course is documented online and uses the Internet, it is traditional face-to-face pedagogy (Wuensch, Aziz, Ozan, Kishore, & Tabrizi, 2008). Because students come from different national educational systems and they have different computer skills already, the course has to make room for these differences. Giving choices of which learning objectives to work on helps students develop their computer literacy as well as demonstrate practical skills. The topics for the class meetings show the general scope of the course. The student chooses one or more of the objectives for each meeting. If the objectives and their learning activities for a meeting do not give the student something new to learn , he or she can work with the instructor and decide what is best. 1. Course Overview, Computers and the Internet: The learner should be able to design a directory structure for a student taking three courses, or for an office worker involved in three projects. The design should include folder and file naming, the types of files included, and sample content for each. 3. Word Processing: The learner should be able to create and print or upload a one-page, double-spaced text document showing as many features of the program as possible--fonts, point size, tables, columns, pagination, and so forth. 5. Spreadsheets: The learner should be able to create two original spreadsheets, one showing a personal or project budget with monthly and annual sample numbers and one showing the formulae for the calculations. To show how this course uses the Internet to meet learning goals or aims for different students, the first thing

5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 questions - Essay Example quilibrium† model for groups development in which a group’s progress is marked by two phases of stability—Phase I and Phase II—emphasized by abrupt changes at the project center point that occurs halfway to the deadline. There are number of factors that can positively or negatively affect cohesiveness; a few of these are number of employees, duration of time for task achievement and duration of time the group spent together, organization, external pressures, location and reputation of the group, closeness of supervision, and internal competitive behavior. For example large groups (with size more than 25 to 30 employees) may reduce the development of cohesiveness. The longer the duration for group development, the larger the cohesiveness. Outside pressures (of close supervision) could speed up development of cohesion. The higher the reputation, the more potential cohesiveness will evolve. Expressing the purpose in terms of specific goal increases the productivity over and above any performance benefits achieved through individual goal setting. A behavioral norm for high productivity and performance set over organizational norms qualifies high performing work groups. For example business revenues can be influenced by many factors such as market position, advertisement and price. Through advertisement a businessman express his purpose of increasing revenues and mostly advertisement increases the productivity (Daft & Marcic, 2010). Group would be most useful for this decision. Advantages of decision of a group include (1) More information and knowledge through the sharing of group member resources, (2) Number of increased commitment and acceptance to the decision, (3) Better apprehension of the decision. The time for a group to make a decision might how ever be longer. Given the uncertain and unstructured nature of this conclusion, a group would be more efficient. Advantages in a group decision-making situation are complete information and knowledge is

Lessons Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lessons Plan - Essay Example Introduction to Computers is a beginning college course for intermediate level English students. The course takes place in the classroom and the computer laboratory with the instructor acting as a meeting facilitator, content presenter, and tutor. Although the course is documented online and uses the Internet, it is traditional face-to-face pedagogy (Wuensch, Aziz, Ozan, Kishore, & Tabrizi, 2008). Because students come from different national educational systems and they have different computer skills already, the course has to make room for these differences. Giving choices of which learning objectives to work on helps students develop their computer literacy as well as demonstrate practical skills. The topics for the class meetings show the general scope of the course. The student chooses one or more of the objectives for each meeting. If the objectives and their learning activities for a meeting do not give the student something new to learn , he or she can work with the instructor and decide what is best. 1. Course Overview, Computers and the Internet: The learner should be able to design a directory structure for a student taking three courses, or for an office worker involved in three projects. The design should include folder and file naming, the types of files included, and sample content for each. 3. Word Processing: The learner should be able to create and print or upload a one-page, double-spaced text document showing as many features of the program as possible--fonts, point size, tables, columns, pagination, and so forth. 5. Spreadsheets: The learner should be able to create two original spreadsheets, one showing a personal or project budget with monthly and annual sample numbers and one showing the formulae for the calculations. To show how this course uses the Internet to meet learning goals or aims for different students, the first thing

Concerns of a democratic deficit in global governance are consistently Essay

Concerns of a democratic deficit in global governance are consistently leveled by critics in relation to the legitimacy and accountability of global governance institutions - Essay Example This paper aims to evaluate democratic deficit in global governance in terms of accountability and legitimacy. The democratic deficit would be evaluated in terms of global governing environmental and financial institutions. In the contemporary world order, it is being observed that there are some of the issues and crisis related to state relations within a global community that are leading to more complicated scenarios. The reason behind complications of these crisis and issues is that the sovereign states are not self-sufficient when it comes to solving such problems. The crisis could be as diversified as the relations of a particular state with other states. The issues and crisis could be observed in almost every aspect of state affairs. The inability of sovereign governments to address such crisis leads to consolidation of one or more issues with drastic outcomes. In order to tackle the consequences, a group of states would work efficiently. In such a situation, it is believed that only democratic global governance could solve the problems with respect to working for different institutions. A commission on Global Governance was formed in 1993, which was largely funded by the United Nations Development Program (Lamb 1998). Global Governance is a gradual process which has been underway since the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 (Arnaud and Gustavo 2008). The Global Governance Commission has given the following definition of governance: â€Å"the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and co-operative action may be taken† (IIED 2002). The activities of Global Governance include monitoring the work done y the governments, efforts of the private sector, and initiatives taken by the international organizations and civil society towards â€Å"achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals† (World

Ethanol Fuel Essay Example for Free

Ethanol Fuel Essay Ethanol is regarded as an attractive alternative to gasoline and other fossil fuel-based automotive energy sources because they can assist in ending dependence on foreign-based oil imports, a dependence which reaches 140 billion gallons a year in the United States alone.Gal Luft, a director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, asserts that oil dependence is problematic not just for economic reasons, but for political ones as well, maintaining that the relationship between the United States and the oil-producing Muslim nation states is strained at best (as well as noting that this political tension is probably of greater concern than any purported political instability are said to plague these oil-producing nations. )   As such, oil dependency constitutes a political liability. Furthermore, geologists have argued that oil prices are not going to get any better, what with the increasing costs of drilling current oil reserves, and ethanol is therefore an economically sound alternative. However, ethanol is not without its critics. Critics charge that the ethanol boom in the United States, which relies primarily on corn for feedstock has resulted in dramatic increases in food prices (and it is worth noting that many non-corn based food commodities utilize corn syrup). Farmers have begun to see the ethanol boom as lucrative incentive for corn production, which in its most positive sense has raised their incomes and â€Å"given new hope to flagging rural economies.† This translates to a diversion of grain-based agriculture towards fuel production, imposing dramatic impacts upon the costs of maintaining food supply for both the world’s hungry and the world’s well fed. Grunwald maintains that â€Å"the grain it takes to fill an SUV tank could feed a person for a year.†   Furthermore, research presents that the rapid expansion of corn agriculture to feed the ethanol boom holds environmental consequences. Environmental journalist Richard Manning charges that industrialized agriculture is detrimental to soil fertility.Mindy Lubber concurs, maintaining that massive land conversion of lands towards the production of corn could recreate the conditions of The Great Dust Bowl, a period in the American heartland which saw hundreds of thousands of would-be wheat farmers plow the soil to death to profit from golden grain. However, ethanol proponents are careful to remind us that it is also a renewable fuel source. Because it is derived from grain and other starch crops, and may also be obtained from cellulosic biomass such as crop residue, sugar cane bagasse and old newspapers, it is essentially a sustainable resource insofar production is concerned. Additionally, its energy potential, while being significantly less than that of gasoline, is endowed with a high octane level that gives it the power that is crucial to the operation of high compression engines such as those found in high performance automobiles. Furthermore, Khosla argues that the trajectory of ethanol development will result in continuously increasing potential for energy density and engine efficiency that would rival that of gasoline. While opponents of corn-based ethanol have charged that the energy yield barely exceeds the amount of energy used in its production, developments in cellulose-based ethanol have been promising, which may lead to a future in which the biomass and waste of any municipality could be used for ethanol production. Beyond the direct effects on corn prices, the corn-based ethanol boom also affects the price of various food commodities. Grunwald notes that the soybean market is affect to such an extent as to jack up the price of soybeans. Also, increased production of sugarcane-based ethanol, combined with sugar quotas in the U.S. ensure that domestic prices of sugar continue to inflate. As such, producers of high fructose corn syrup such as the agribusiness giant Archer Daniels Midland benefits in a situation where the price demand for high fructose corn syrup remains inelastic, simply because they are able to charge more for without fearing that sweetener-dependent companies will retaliate by switching to sugar.Even the price of a Starbucks latte is not immune to the effects of the corn-based ethanol boom, as diversion of crop grown to fuel production takes it away from the mouths of dairy cattle. Furthermore, the demand for ethanol has effects that reach as far as the Amazon rainforest, where the resulting expansion is leading to its deforestation. This is an overwhelmingly negative development as the rainforest is a highly biodiverse region. Grunwald reports that scientists believe that this could essentially reduce the Amazon to a savanna, or worse, a desert. Ethanol is not just an alternative fuel, but a complex distillation of political, economic and environmental issues. As such, it is difficult to reduce it to a simple either/or issue, let alone endorse it wholeheartedly as the silver bullet that will solve problems of climate change and fossil fuel dependency.

The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence Social Work Essay

The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence Social Work Essay The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence (IWCADV) is a feminist community based organisation committed to working towards the elimination of domestic and family violence throughout the community. The primary focus of IWCADV is to provide support to women and children survivors of domestic and family violence. This includes telephone information, referral and support services, court support for women, counselling services, group work and childrens work. During my placement experience as a womens counsellor at IWCADV I first spent a few weeks developing my understanding of the issues involved in domestic violence and the systems that are in place to support women and children who are survivors of domestic and family violence. My knowledge of the issues affecting women and children experiencing domestic and family violence includes an understanding of the emotional impacts of abuse (such as feelings of grief and loss, anger, guilt, depression, trauma), the loss of personal and physical security, safety concerns, the financial costs, family law and other legal issues, and power and control imbalances in relationships. I have developed my knowledge of the issues affecting women and children experiencing domestic and family violence in my university studies and my work experience. The understanding that I gained from my University studies was enhanced during my student placement at the Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence. It was here that I developed my understanding of feminist perspectives on domestic and family violence, including the individual, familial, legal and social issues. In this role I was able to develop my understanding of feminist informed practises and techniques. I support this framework for practice as it can empower women and help them find their voice, encouraging women who have experienced the loss of control to make choices about their own life and to take responsibility for their life choices and to take back control. I worked from within a feminist framework to empower the client to find her voice and to discover her worth and make her own choices. In my role as a student counsellor at IWCADV I provided crisis support and advocacy work to women who have experienced domestic and family violence. During the beginning counselling sessions, I found it was quite difficult to always follow the story and set direction for the counselling. I took a strengths based narrative approach and usually after 2 -3 sessions a clearer picture had developed of the clients experience with domestic violence, and this continued to unfold throughout the counselling sessions. One of the most personally rewarding aspects of my counselling experience was the opportunity to explore and experience symbol and sand tray therapy. I spent some time reading Sandplay and Symbol Work Emotional healing and personal development with children, adolescents and adults by Mark Pearson and Helen Wilson to prepare for my personal experience with symbols and sand tray therapy during my professional supervision sessions. I then had the opportunity to introduce one of my counselling clients to the sand tray. Whilst I did have feelings of uncertainty about my ability to facilitate the process, I did feel comfortable enough with the setting and with my client to create a safe place for self-discovery and self-awareness. She was very open to the process and we both found this to be an enjoyable and meaningful experience. My client reported that this was a very positive experience for her and allowed her to process some of her experiences with domestic violence and that it was a breakthrough for her in terms of learning to accept and value herself. I felt that it was an honour to share this part of my clients journey. With another client who was directed by the Department of Child Safety to attend counselling, setting the direction for each session was more difficult. I did not believe that this woman was ready to explore some of the emotional issues related to the trauma that she had experienced as a result of long term domestic violence. I was encouraged by her regular attendance and I believe that this was a result of my increasing ability to develop rapport. I was able to develop good rapport with my clients by being non-judgemental, using open ended questions and appropriate body language. I believe that my skill in developing rapport is reflected by the feedback and regular attendance to counselling sessions by my clients. I did struggle with ending the sessions on time and frequently found that sessions with some clients were running over 1.5 hours long. I spoke with some of the other workers at the service about this and they agreed that it could be difficult especially when women are exploring very painful issues and that it was important to be sensitive but direct when closing a counselling session. The group supervision times that I was included in at IWCADV were also very rewarding and inspiring times for me. The other workers at the service were all very passionate women with a strong commitment to empowering women and changing community attitudes about violence towards women. During group supervision there was opportunity and support for workers to reflect on their own feelings of despair and helplessness, and there was encouragement to extend and share your knowledge and understanding of the issues relating to domestic and family violence. The group times were also very rewarding team building occasions and there is a strong commitment at the service to supporting one another. For example, I found that after long phone calls or after a counselling session, another worker would check-in with me to provide any support and to answer any questions that I had.

Essay on China :: essays research papers

China is a geographical region in East Asia. It holds over one-fifth of the world’s population. Most of it is now known as the People’s Republic of China, but the name of the region refers to one of the world’s longest standing civilizations, which dates back almost 5,000 years. Because the length of China’s history, it has been characterized by repeated overthrowings and reestablishments of the government, and many civil wars. China was governed as an empire until 1912, when the Republic Of China, or the ROC, was established under Sun Yat-sen. China was the world’s technological leader for centuries, credited with the invention of paper, rockets, and other things. However, by the 19th and 20th centuries, China was losing political and economical power. Japan and the Western Powers were gaining influence, which eventually led to the evolution of the PRC, or the Peoples Republic of China. China has the world’s fastest growing economy, but it’s an unstable state underneath. It has the biggest rich/poor urban/rural divide, which means that the farmers are poor, and the people who have city jobs are rich. China is also hugely overpopulated, so as a population control method families can have only one child. Because of traditional honor, everybody wants male children instead of female ones so that they can carry on the family name. This has led to an imbalance between genders in China, so the government has established a program to compensate families for having female children. China has been working to reform its economy from a centrally planned economy to a market oriented economy. A centrally planned economy is where decisions about production, consumption, and allocation of goods is managed by a central power. This basically means that the government has complete control over what’s made, where it goes, how it’s made, and how it’s used.

Lobby Groups Essay -- Government Politics Political Lobbying Essays

Lobby Groups In this comparison between David B. Truman and V.O. Key, Jr.’s views on lobby groups they have different interpretations on role and interaction of these groups in government. In a democratic system there is bound to be resentment and desire for change because it is impossible to satisfy everybody. Truman and Key describe how those individuals try to be recognized while forming groups for â€Å"strength in numbers†. In the comparison of interest and pressure groups it is apparent that although they created resentment in the inner layers of government, they were necessary to the development and progress of the political system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to David B. Truman in the excerpt from The Governmental Process he demonstrates the need, influence and the importance of containment of lobby groups. Although lobby groups are separated into organized groups and unofficial groups, he considers them both equally important and dangerous interest groups. Through his writings he also demonstrates his opinion that political parties are only a large form of an interest group. Political parties don’t have as many concurrent attitudes because of its influence on impressionable people and its size, but nevertheless it is an interest group. The small, either unofficial or official interest groups usually have influence upon various members of the political parties and use their influence to infiltrate their attitudes to the National Government. Both interest groups and political parties have played a large impact on the development of the governmental system and it is noticeable because although they are n ot the group that obtained the control and power of the operation, many of their proposals have been put into existence. They were not incorporated into the government because of the people’s constant fear or losing the ideal of democracy and the threat of becoming too socialistic. Therefore it was important to have individuals representing their groups (states) in the government. The establishment of interest groups was necessary because â€Å"We do not, in fact, find individuals otherwise than in groups†. Interest groups were only a means for influential powerful people to be able to gain recognition from the government by obtaining a following. It is essential in the democratic process to have the individual’s interaction and as a result of having a large complex ... .... Political parties are an example of interest groups because they have specific ideas which they reinforce. However, the diversity and size of the political parties usually makes the members not agreed upon many issues. Therefore the members sustain their interests until they gain power in the government where they are able to act upon their previous intentions. This has been the cause of many political figures actually supporting the other political party than the one they were selected from on many issues. All interest and pressure groups contain a small group of enthusiast leaders and a mass of either indifferent or inactive members. Therefore it is not an act of socialism or political takeover of the government because they are pushing for an issue with a small group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lobby groups are essential in the functioning of the government as a whole. They could never replace government but through V.O.Key, Jr. and David B. Truman’s analysis on the importance of lobby groups in government functions it shows that they are necessary. They demonstrate that lobby groups represent the people and are an establishment that helps facilitate individual interaction with the government.

Expository essay abt traveling

Mark Jason Barias Expository Essay 2-13 sept. 11, '13 I'm not really into travelling but I love to experience living in another country and discover new things. I always wanted to try something different. I have been to Malaysia last Christmas vacation. Honestly, it was the first time in my life going out of the country. I missed some of the fun visiting other countries because of my busy high school life. I am studying as a seminarian back then and my schedules Just won't come together. It was so disappointing knowing that my family re enjoying their summer vacation while I do my homework.Malaysia, I would say is more like the Philippines. There were old taxis, like those in Manila. I won't forget when we rode a taxi and the driver asked for an expensive fare (which we didn't know at that time), taking advantage of the tourists' ignorance. For me, vacation isn't complete without tasting their best delicacies. Though the food is expensive, it was worth it because of the unique taste and aroma of their food. In our country, food is also expensive depending on the type and quality. Pagkaing Pinoy is also delicious.Singapore, which is Just a six-hour bus ride from Malaysia is breath-taking. The tall infrastructures tell that Singapore is a very successful country. I would say that the surrounding is cleaner there compared here in the Philippines specifically Manila. You won't be late in going to your work or school because there are no traffic. You'll be amazed to be able to tour the whole Singapore in 45 minutes, yes, it is smaller than our capital city, yet, it's more organized. People. Singaporeans are more disciplined.Normal people live in apartments ecause if they buy a property in Singapore, it will take them millions of dollars. Only rich people have private properties there. Malaysians are more warm and friendly. Us, Filipinos are the most hospitable. In terms of the natural resources, we are the richest. Though the others also have forests, our forests ar e much larger. We also have the Philippine Eagle while Singapore has the white tiger. Some would say that living in other countries is better than staying here but I would still say, â€Å"It's more fun in the Philippines! † Expository essay abt traveling By ceeshore

The Next Hunger Games English Literature Essay

The narrative a subsequence. Its about a miss, Katniss. She lived in District 12 and got picked as testimonial to contend in the one-year Hunger Games, organized by the Capitol, the topographic point that regulations over a state called Panem ( what used to be the United States ) . The 1 who survives the game, wins. Merely one individual could win, but at the terminal they said two people from the same territory could win together. When Katniss and her fellow District 12 testimonial Peeta think they ‘ve won, they ‘re told merely one of them can win. Because they refuse to kill each other, they want to take toxicant berries so they ‘ll both decease. This is seen as opposition by the Capitol ( the Capitol regulations everything ) , and they are rapidly stopped. So, together with Peeta, Katniss won the Hunger Games. Because of Katniss ‘ behaviour, people are easy turning against the Capitol. The following Hunger Games, all the old victors had to be in the games once more, even though they would really ne'er have to once more. At the terminal, the staying testimonials are saved by Rebels and they are brought to District 13. Cipher knew District 13 still existed though. In the interim, Katniss has become the symbol of the revolution. She is the ‘Mockingjay ‘ . She does hold a twosome of demands. So she wants President Coin, the president of District 13, to allow unsusceptibility to all former victors of the Hunger Games. She besides wants to be the 1 who kills President Snow ( President of Panem ) . Peeta was non rescued by the Rebels so the Rebels decide to take action, and free Peeta from the Capitol. If successful, it is non the Peeta that Katniss can retrieve her. But when Peeta is saved, he attacks Katniss because he was brainwashed by the Capitol so he would believe that Katniss is the enemy. The Rebels, with Katniss as their leader, continue runing and they go to the Capitol. Their end is to kill President Snow. During this trip, a figure of Rebels are killed, including Finnick. Finally Katniss goes looking for president Snow by herself. Then parachutes fall down, the same 1s that were used in the Hunger Games to supply things. The kids instantly try to acquire them, but they are bad packages, because there are bombs inside. Many of the kids and the Rebel medical squad are killed because of this. Among these people was Primrose, Katniss ‘ sister. This has a great impact on Katniss. Finally Katniss gets to President Snow and they talk briefly. He tells her that non he, but President Coin was responsible for the bombs. Katniss does n't cognize what to believe, but if this is true so Gale was cognizant of this program, even though he denies everything. When Katniss gets the opportunity to kill President Snow, she remembers that she had one time made a trade with him ; they would ever state each other the truth. So alternatively of killing him, she shoots an pointer at President Coin. Commotion arises and it seems President Snow is dead, but it is ill-defined how he died precisely. Katniss wants to perpetrate self-destruction, but right when she wants to take the pill, Peeta stops her. Katniss does n't acquire pursued and goes back to District 12 with some others and they want to reconstruct the territory. Katniss eventually sees that it was inevitable to fall in love with Peeta. She did non necessitate Gale. Together with Haymitch, Katniss and Peeta create a book with the narratives of the old testimonials and others during who died during the rebellion. This manner, they would ne'er be forgotten. The book ends with an epilogue. Katniss is an grownup and has two kids, she is married to Peeta. The Hunger Games are history, but Katniss does non look frontward to the minute when she has to state her kids about the Games and the war.SubjectFerociousnessDescription of the chief characterKatniss Everdeen: Katniss is a 17 twelvemonth old miss. She is obstinate and independent. Her small sister Prim means a batch to her. She loves runing with her friend Gale. Because she did n't desire to be bossed around by the Capitol, she gave people hope. So she became ‘the Mockingjay ‘ .Description of two minor charactersPeeta Mellark: Peeta Mellark was a bakers boy. He ever had a crush on Katniss before they got picked to be testimonials. Peeta is really talented in picture. He is diffident, really sweet and would make anything for Katniss. Gale Hawthorne: Gale is Katniss ‘ best friend and they ever hunt together. He cares a batch about his household. He is rebellious and lovingness. He is in love with Katniss.Description of the topographic point where the narrative is setDistrict 13. This is the District furthest off from the Capitol. It is under the land, so it looks as if there is nil. But, under the land are populating a batch of people.When does the narrative take topographic point?The narrative takes topographic point in the hereafter. I know this because it is told in the first book of the series. The narrative is told inveterate.Who is the storyteller?The narrative is told from Katniss ‘ position.Explanation of the rubricWhen Katniss went into the Hunger Games in the first book, she got a pin with a mockingjay on it. That is the combination of a mocker and a jabberjay ( a bird designed by the Capitol to memorise conversations so the Capitol could descry on people. When the jabberjay ‘s got misu sed by the people being spied on, the jabberjay ‘s were released in the wild. Alternatively of deceasing, they bred with mockers ) . Katniss becomes ‘the mockingjay ‘ as a statement.Is the book merely meant as a narrative or is the writer seeking to convey across a message?I do n't believe there ‘s truly a message behind the narrative. Possibly if you try really difficult to happen some kind of intending behind the narrative you could believe of a message but I think that ‘s a small far-fetched.My sentiment on the bookI liked the book, because I was really funny about how the narrative would stop.Would I urge the book to my schoolmates?Certain, I would urge the book to my schoolmates. But, they should hold read the other books because this is merely the concluding book. If they have read the other books, I would decidedly urge the book because it is easy to read and it ‘s non really complicated ( unless you have n't read the other books evidently ) .Which portion I liked bestI liked the stoping best, merely because I wanted to cognize how the narrative ended.Which portion disappointed me mostI guess what disappointed me most was besides the stoping, because even though I loved Peeta, I in secret wanted Katniss to take Gale. She made the right determination though, but it still someway defeated me.How much clip I spent reading the bookI think it took me about a hebdomad to read the book, but I ‘m non certain how many hours.

Describe some of the different ways of conducting an archaeological Research Paper

Describe some of the different ways of conducting an archaeological excavation - Research Paper Example Research indicates that the earth’s surface is completely enclosed by the soil which comes from the original bedrock. This might include chalk, sand and granite, different types of rocks or clay (Barker). Since the fundamental nature of the soil is analyzed through its underlying rocks therefore initially the subsoil is studied then soil’s fertility is known which further helps in the determination of farming or vegetation settlements. Archeological sites are broadly defined as the settled residues of different structures which over the period of time convert into earthworks and rubble through the process of stone-rubbing, erosion, decay and invasion by the animals and plants (Barker). Sometimes it is possible that the researchers locate a residual settlement which is on its way to become an archeological site. This basically facilitates scientists in studying the archeological process. The archeological sites are usually found at lowland areas (Barker). One of the important factors in locating an archeological site is the confirmation of the fact that rocks present at the upper layer of earth were formed later than those beneath them. For instance, lave forms after the development of mountainside rocks. However, surface of the earth never remains in the same pattern and hence after some time the covering of different structural settlements remove and the rock beneath them comes to the surface. The same thing happens with the archeological sites since when the superimposed layers are removed the underlying surface becomes visible which indicates the historical remains and the presence of previous living and nonliving objects (Barker). Archaeological remains are distinguished into different types. The first archeological type deals with the antiquity of man i.e. the recognition of former civilizations, for instance, those humans who lived in caves centuries ago. There are various written records which

Artificial Intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example Perhaps other schools of thought surrounding the origin of the human race would not have much to argue about the ability of humankind to create because the records are clear to show that humankind has been able to cater for himself to a very large extent through the invention of machines and other minor items that he needs to live a better life. Generally, the things that are invented or created by men are called artificial things. Careful consideration of the trend of human creation (invention) shows clearly that the ability for humans to create keep getting complicated by the day. The threat and big question therefore remains if humans would not keep getting complicated with their inventions till a stage when the situation would just get out of hand? This research paper shall there delve more into what the risk stands for this world if out of the curiosity to make artificial intelligence products better, there comes a time when the activities of these machines cannot be regulated b ecause of the absence of moral reasoning. Overview of Artificial Intelligence In the 1940s, the world witnessed the ability of humans to create computers to make basic human manipulations such as calculations, sorting and writing very simple. Along the way, the process became even more complex as humans continued to invent machinery to aid him undertaking certain activities that would have rather involve human intelligence (Chaize, 2008). Because these sought of ‘intelligence’ where made by humans (artificial) and not by nature (natural), they were assigned the name artificial intelligence. The commonest form of artificial intelligence that comes to mind when mention is made of the phenomenon is the making of robots. The fundamental idea behind artificial intelligence therefore has to do with the infusion of machines with the ability to think. A mentally sound machine could therefore be said to be the product of artificial intelligence. It is not surprising therefore th at there are now robots that play intelligent games like chess. There are also robots and other forms of machines that have been induced with the intelligence to perform brain related functions such as planning, deduction, knowledge representation, reasoning, problem solving and natural language processing. The question that researchers have always asked has been about what the future of artificial intelligence would be. This is because scientists have always wanted a way of making their inventions better. They have also sought ways of making their inventions more and more complicated and useful for solving immediate problems. Artificial Intelligence and Moral Reasoning Artificial intelligence, though directly concerns computer science have had a lot of controversy and debate even in other fields of studies. One of these fields is philosophy. Philosophy generally concerns the human mind and how it functions. It is also closely related to intelligence since intelligence deals with th e human brain and its function. For artificial intelligence to deal with ‘intelligence’ as a phenomenon therefore, it is expected that philosophers would be concerned about the subject. One major debate that philosophers have always been caught in is the question as to whether or not machines could really be intelligent. In the present research paper, the

Leadership Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Journal - Essay Example and reducing the weaknesses would help the company in gaining advantage of the external opportunities and in countering external threats effectively and thereby improves the position of the company in the perceptual map (Morrill, 2010, p.162-163). Strategic business leadership in global organizations earns success through cultivation of both self and organizational knowledge that in turn enhances productivity. Global organizations take into account people belonging to different cultural and national diversities. These organizations through enhancing their knowledge resources need to understand the ethos of the different cultural groups and thereby to enhance communication to generate productivity (Harris, 2005, p.43). Managing a diverse cultural base of workers in the organization focuses on linking the needs and understandings of the employees to the policies, rules and regulations of the company. This policy helps in safeguarding the interests of the workers which in turn enhances the productivity of the concern (UCSF, n.d.). Organizational leaders often tend to manage the different cultural groups without reflecting sensitivity to the level of perception changes in the different individuals belonging to varied cultures. This fact tends to excite conflict. Some organizational leaders tend to respect the different cultural understandings and thus tend to modify and revise the rules and procedures in that respect (Morschett, Klein and Zentes, 2010, p.143). An individual to cope up as a global leader must reflect different types of skills like maintaining integrated relationships with people belonging to different cultures, having a stronger business acumen pertaining to offshore business and strategic endeavors, and possessing signified potential of organizing a strategic workforce. Further the business leader must reflect a potential vision and a cognitive understanding of the change movement (Mendenhall, 2008, p.54). The organizational leaders must make the

Casino gambling in Kentucky Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Casino gambling in Kentucky - Term Paper Example In this context, the legislation matter has been the campaign proposal of Governor Steve Basher in his bid for election. Associated Press (2007) stated that the proposal of the Governor to legalize casinos in Kentucky is based on the assumption that it will bring growth to the economy in terms of revenues and taxes. The proposal has been submitted for a legislative process of approval and will also be presented to the Kentucky General Assembly for consent. The proposed bill if passed, allows 9 to 12 casinos in Kentucky, and is expected to bring estimated revenue of $600 million a year in tax revenue. In this critical issue, the Kentucky General Assembly composed of the people of Kentucky have been given the chance to have their voices heard in a direct poll whether they agree with this move or not. The recent events shown in the news carried by WBKO (2010) reported that the legalization of casinos in Kentucky did not pass the legislative session. There are possible reasons for the rejection of the proposal as there are studies that show disadvantages for having Casinos in Kentucky. The probe studies of Anderson and Nevada Council on Problem Gambling show that the proliferation of problem gamblers has negative impact on their lives. Andersen viewed it as a bad social policy because of the large social costs it entails; it makes it harder for problem gamblers to reform, and makes it contributory to social corruption. But Andersen and those concerned in his study are missing the points of the benefits of gambling, and making it appear that it is one of the deadliest sins in the world. For example, Andersen said that the government is â€Å"supposed to be the minister of God, Romans 13†, but its moral stance is compromised when it enters into legalized gambling. However, it could not be discounted that there are also benefits coming from the

The Merchant's Tale from Canterbury Tales Assignment

The Merchant's Tale from Canterbury Tales - Assignment Example His wife May, young and tender perhaps remained unsatisfied with the old man’s love making and his bristly beard is shown in contrast to her tender skin. The knight’s squire was madly in love with May and when the knight foolishly sends his wife to enquire after the health of his squire Damian, the two shake hands on a treacherous plot to trick the knight. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is a delightful collection of stories, that vividly paint the lives of people in 14th. century England. Considered one of his finest works, it is written in poem as well as prose form. The Merchant’s Tale is a story told by one of a group of pilgrims who are on their way to visit a shrine at Canterbury. It is an age old tale of infidelity, that is as true today as it was in Chaucer’s time. The story of an old man who seeks the pleasures of a young bride, and the young girl who in her time probably had no say in the matter of marrying a man old enough to be h er father; or did it for the wealth that she would enjoy on his death. This is true in many societies even today where fathers, lured by the glitter of gold, sell their daughters to the highest bidder without a thought for the girl’s happiness.

Gender communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender communication - Essay Example (Payne, 2001) Thus drawing for a communication difference scenario between men and women, one comes to an understanding that the two communicate in quite varied ways. This is because it is an inherent feature of their make-up, the composition in which they have been made. While men tend to be open and blunt about their thoughts, actions and perceptions, women, on the other hand are more inclined to take it the soft way. This is because they perceive things pretty easily as compared to men who usually are hard and stubborn in their undertakings. Because of this men are known to be violent even within their communicative regimes while women are more sedate and sober when it comes to conversation and the like, all under the heading of communication. (Cody, 1995) Furthermore, men are known to be dominant over their clan while women are known to be subversive within their own rights – yet raising no qualms about their dealings and the ways in which they go about conducting themselves. It is a known fact that within the communicative aspects, men are open to defend their own selves in the wake of differing reactions, afterthoughts and attitudes while women, for the large part, remain confident of their own disposition by remaining quiet and diffident. This is not because they are afraid of coming out clean and clear as per the issue at hand but because they like to remain light on every aspect on which their attention is hailed as supreme right from the onset. It is difficult to make out what women usually would come up with in the case of extreme circumstances. They are easier to cry and weep while it is a well known fact that men usually do not cry unless special circumstances prevail upon their nature. The role of assertion within men is generally more as compared to women. Men feel more asserted as per their points of